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                <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline"> [Python3网络爬虫开发实战] 3.2.1-基本用法 </h1>
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                <h2 id="1-准备工作"><a href="#1-准备工作" class="headerlink" title="1. 准备工作"></a>1. 准备工作</h2>
                <p>在开始之前，请确保已经正确安装好了requests库。如果没有安装，可以参考1.2.1节安装。</p>
                <h2 id="2-实例引入"><a href="#2-实例引入" class="headerlink" title="2. 实例引入"></a>2. 实例引入</h2>
                <p>urllib库中的<code>urlopen()</code>方法实际上是以GET方式请求网页，而requests中相应的方法就是<code>get()</code>方法，是不是感觉表达更明确一些？下面通过实例来看一下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight stylus">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">import requests</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">r = requests.get(<span class="string">'https://www.baidu.com/'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="title">print</span><span class="params">(type(r)</span></span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="title">print</span><span class="params">(r.status_code)</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="title">print</span><span class="params">(type(r.text)</span></span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="title">print</span><span class="params">(r.text)</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="title">print</span><span class="params">(r.cookies)</span></span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>运行结果如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight django">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="xml"><span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">class</span> '<span class="attr">requests.models.Response</span>'&gt;</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="xml">200</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="xml"><span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">class</span> '<span class="attr">str</span>'&gt;</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="xml"><span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">html</span>&gt;</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="xml"><span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">head</span>&gt;</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="xml">    <span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">script</span>&gt;</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="xml">        location.replace(location.href.replace("https://","http://"));</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="xml">    <span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">script</span>&gt;</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="xml"><span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">head</span>&gt;</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="xml"><span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">body</span>&gt;</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="xml">    <span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">noscript</span>&gt;</span><span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">meta</span> <span class="attr">http-equiv</span>=<span class="string">"refresh"</span> <span class="attr">content</span>=<span class="string">"0;url=http://www.baidu.com/"</span>&gt;</span><span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">noscript</span>&gt;</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="xml"><span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">body</span>&gt;</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="xml"><span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">html</span>&gt;</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="xml"><span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">RequestsCookieJar[</span>&lt;<span class="attr">Cookie</span> <span class="attr">BIDUPSID</span>=<span class="string">992C3B26F4C4D09505C5E959D5FBC005</span> <span class="attr">for</span> <span class="attr">.baidu.com</span>/&gt;</span>, <span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">Cookie</span> <span class="attr">PSTM</span>=<span class="string">1472227535</span> <span class="attr">for</span> <span class="attr">.baidu.com</span>/&gt;</span>, <span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">Cookie</span> <span class="attr">__bsi</span>=<span class="string">15304754498609545148_00_40_N_N_2_0303_C02F_N_N_N_0</span> <span class="attr">for</span> <span class="attr">.www.baidu.com</span>/&gt;</span>, <span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">Cookie</span> <span class="attr">BD_NOT_HTTPS</span>=<span class="string">1</span> <span class="attr">for</span> <span class="attr">www.baidu.com</span>/&gt;</span>]&gt;</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这里我们调用<code>get()</code>方法实现与<code>urlopen()</code>相同的操作，得到一个<code>Response</code>对象，然后分别输出了<code>Response</code>的类型、状态码、响应体的类型、内容以及Cookies。</p>
                <p>通过运行结果可以发现，它的返回类型是<code>requests.models.Response</code>，响应体的类型是字符串<code>str</code>，Cookies的类型是<code>RequestsCookieJar</code>。</p>
                <p>使用<code>get()</code>方法成功实现一个GET请求，这倒不算什么，更方便之处在于其他的请求类型依然可以用一句话来完成，示例如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight ini">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="attr">r</span> = requests.post(<span class="string">'http://httpbin.org/post'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="attr">r</span> = requests.put(<span class="string">'http://httpbin.org/put'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="attr">r</span> = requests.delete(<span class="string">'http://httpbin.org/delete'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="attr">r</span> = requests.head(<span class="string">'http://httpbin.org/get'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="attr">r</span> = requests.options(<span class="string">'http://httpbin.org/get'</span>)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这里分别用<code>post()</code>、<code>put()</code>、<code>delete()</code>等方法实现了POST、PUT、DELETE等请求。是不是比urllib简单太多了？</p>
                <p>其实这只是冰山一角，更多的还在后面。</p>
                <h2 id="3-GET请求"><a href="#3-GET请求" class="headerlink" title="3. GET请求"></a>3. GET请求</h2>
                <p>HTTP中最常见的请求之一就是GET请求，下面首先来详细了解一下利用requests构建GET请求的方法。</p>
                <h3 id="基本实例"><a href="#基本实例" class="headerlink" title="基本实例"></a>基本实例</h3>
                <p>首先，构建一个最简单的GET请求，请求的链接为<a href="http://epub.ituring.com.cn/article/edit/[http://httpbin.org/get" target="_blank" rel="noopener">http://httpbin.org/get</a>，该网站会判断如果客户端发起的是GET请求的话，它返回相应的请求信息：</p>
                <figure class="highlight processing">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> requests</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">r = requests.<span class="built_in">get</span>(<span class="string">'http://httpbin.org/get'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">print</span>(r.<span class="built_in">text</span>)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>运行结果如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight json">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">&#123;</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="attr">"args"</span>: &#123;&#125;, </span><br><span class="line">  <span class="attr">"headers"</span>: &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="attr">"Accept"</span>: <span class="string">"*/*"</span>, </span><br><span class="line">    <span class="attr">"Accept-Encoding"</span>: <span class="string">"gzip, deflate"</span>, </span><br><span class="line">    <span class="attr">"Host"</span>: <span class="string">"httpbin.org"</span>, </span><br><span class="line">    <span class="attr">"User-Agent"</span>: <span class="string">"python-requests/2.10.0"</span></span><br><span class="line">  &#125;, </span><br><span class="line">  <span class="attr">"origin"</span>: <span class="string">"122.4.215.33"</span>, </span><br><span class="line">  <span class="attr">"url"</span>: <span class="string">"http://httpbin.org/get"</span></span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>可以发现，我们成功发起了GET请求，返回结果中包含请求头、URL、IP等信息。</p>
                <p>那么，对于GET请求，如果要附加额外的信息，一般怎样添加呢？比如现在想添加两个参数，其中<code>name</code>是<code>germey</code>，<code>age</code>是22。要构造这个请求链接，是不是要直接写成：</p>
                <figure class="highlight ini">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="attr">r</span> = requests.get(<span class="string">'http://httpbin.org/get?name=germey&amp;age=22'</span>)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这样也可以，但是是不是有点不人性化呢？一般情况下，这种信息数据会用字典来存储。那么，怎样来构造这个链接呢？</p>
                <p>这同样很简单，利用<code>params</code>这个参数就好了，示例如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight routeros">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">import requests</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">data = &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'name'</span>: <span class="string">'germey'</span>,</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'age'</span>: 22</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line">r = requests.<span class="builtin-name">get</span>(<span class="string">"http://httpbin.org/get"</span>, <span class="attribute">params</span>=data)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="builtin-name">print</span>(r.text)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>运行结果如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight json">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">&#123;</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="attr">"args"</span>: &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="attr">"age"</span>: <span class="string">"22"</span>, </span><br><span class="line">    <span class="attr">"name"</span>: <span class="string">"germey"</span></span><br><span class="line">  &#125;, </span><br><span class="line">  <span class="attr">"headers"</span>: &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="attr">"Accept"</span>: <span class="string">"*/*"</span>, </span><br><span class="line">    <span class="attr">"Accept-Encoding"</span>: <span class="string">"gzip, deflate"</span>, </span><br><span class="line">    <span class="attr">"Host"</span>: <span class="string">"httpbin.org"</span>, </span><br><span class="line">    <span class="attr">"User-Agent"</span>: <span class="string">"python-requests/2.10.0"</span></span><br><span class="line">  &#125;, </span><br><span class="line">  <span class="attr">"origin"</span>: <span class="string">"122.4.215.33"</span>, </span><br><span class="line">  <span class="attr">"url"</span>: <span class="string">"http://httpbin.org/get?age=22&amp;name=germey"</span></span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>通过运行结果可以判断，请求的链接自动被构造成了：<a href="http://httpbin.org/get?age=22&amp;name=germey" target="_blank" rel="noopener">http://httpbin.org/get?age=22&amp;name=germey</a>。</p>
                <p>另外，网页的返回类型实际上是<code>str</code>类型，但是它很特殊，是JSON格式的。所以，如果想直接解析返回结果，得到一个字典格式的话，可以直接调用<code>json()</code>方法。示例如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight stylus">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">import requests</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">r = requests.get(<span class="string">"http://httpbin.org/get"</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="title">print</span><span class="params">(type(r.text)</span></span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="title">print</span><span class="params">(r.json()</span></span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="title">print</span><span class="params">(type(r.json()</span></span>))</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>运行结果如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight ceylon">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">&lt;<span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="string">'str'</span>&gt;</span><br><span class="line">&#123;<span class="string">'headers'</span>: &#123;<span class="string">'Accept-Encoding'</span>: <span class="string">'gzip, deflate'</span>, <span class="string">'Accept'</span>: <span class="string">'*/*'</span>, <span class="string">'Host'</span>: <span class="string">'httpbin.org'</span>, <span class="string">'User-Agent'</span>: <span class="string">'python-requests/2.10.0'</span>&#125;, <span class="string">'url'</span>: <span class="string">'http://httpbin.org/get'</span>, <span class="string">'args'</span>: &#123;&#125;, <span class="string">'origin'</span>: <span class="string">'182.33.248.131'</span>&#125;</span><br><span class="line">&lt;<span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="string">'dict'</span>&gt;</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>可以发现，调用<code>json()</code>方法，就可以将返回结果是JSON格式的字符串转化为字典。</p>
                <p>但需要注意的书，如果返回结果不是JSON格式，便会出现解析错误，抛出<code>json.decoder.JSONDecodeError</code>异常。</p>
                <h3 id="抓取网页"><a href="#抓取网页" class="headerlink" title="抓取网页"></a>抓取网页</h3>
                <p>上面的请求链接返回的是JSON形式的字符串，那么如果请求普通的网页，则肯定能获得相应的内容了。下面以“知乎”→“发现”页面为例来看一下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight roboconf">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> requests</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> re</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">headers = &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    '<span class="attribute">User-Agent'</span>: 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; <span class="attribute">Intel Mac OS X 10_11_4) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/52.0.2743.116 Safari/537.36'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="attribute">&#125;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="attribute">r = requests.get("https</span>://www<span class="variable">.zhihu</span><span class="variable">.com</span>/explore", headers=headers)</span><br><span class="line">pattern = re<span class="variable">.compile</span>('explore-feed.*?question_link.*?&gt;(.*?)&lt;/a&gt;', re<span class="variable">.S</span>)</span><br><span class="line">titles = re<span class="variable">.findall</span>(pattern, r<span class="variable">.text</span>)</span><br><span class="line">print(titles)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这里我们加入了<code>headers</code>信息，其中包含了<code>User-Agent</code>字段信息，也就是浏览器标识信息。如果不加这个，知乎会禁止抓取。</p>
                <p>接下来我们用到了最基础的正则表达式来匹配出所有的问题内容。关于正则表达式的相关内容，我们会在3.3节中详细介绍，这里作为实例来配合讲解。</p>
                <p>运行结果如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight scheme">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">['\n为什么很多人喜欢提及「拉丁语系」这个词？\n', '\n在没有水的情况下水系宝可梦如何战斗？\n', '\n有哪些经验可以送给 Kindle 新人？\n', '\n谷歌的广告业务是如何赚钱的？\n', '\n程序员该学习什么，能在上学期间挣钱？\n', '\n有哪些原本只是一个小消息，但回看发现是个惊天大新闻的例子？\n', '\n如何评价今敏？\n', '\n源氏是怎么把那么长的刀从背后拔出来的？\n', '\n年轻时得了绝症或大病是怎样的感受？\n', '\n年轻时得了绝症或大病是怎样的感受？\n']</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>我们发现，这里成功提取出了所有的问题内容。</p>
                <h3 id="抓取二进制数据"><a href="#抓取二进制数据" class="headerlink" title="抓取二进制数据"></a>抓取二进制数据</h3>
                <p>在上面的例子中，我们抓取的是知乎的一个页面，实际上它返回的是一个HTML文档。如果想抓去图片、音频、视频等文件，应该怎么办呢？</p>
                <p>图片、音频、视频这些文件本质上都是由二进制码组成的，由于有特定的保存格式和对应的解析方式，我们才可以看到这些形形色色的多媒体。所以，想要抓取它们，就要拿到它们的二进制码。</p>
                <p>下面以GitHub的站点图标为例来看一下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight routeros">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">import requests</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">r = requests.<span class="builtin-name">get</span>(<span class="string">"https://github.com/favicon.ico"</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="builtin-name">print</span>(r.text)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="builtin-name">print</span>(r.content)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这里抓取的内容是站点图标，也就是在浏览器每一个标签上显示的小图标，如图3-3所示。</p>
                <p><img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/3-3.png" alt="">图3-3 站点图标</p>
                <p>这里打印了<code>Response</code>对象的两个属性，一个是<code>text</code>，另一个是<code>content</code>。</p>
                <p>运行结果如图3-4所示，其中前两行是<code>r.text</code>的结果，最后一行是<code>r.content</code>的结果。</p>
                <p><img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/3-4.png" alt="">图3-4 运行结果</p>
                <p>可以注意到，前者出现了乱码，后者结果前带有一个<code>b</code>，这代表是<code>bytes</code>类型的数据。由于图片是二进制数据，所以前者在打印时转化为<code>str</code>类型，也就是图片直接转化为字符串，这理所当然会出现乱码。</p>
                <p>接着，我们将刚才提取到的图片保存下来：</p>
                <figure class="highlight livecodeserver">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">import requests</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">r = requests.<span class="built_in">get</span>(<span class="string">"https://github.com/favicon.ico"</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">with</span> <span class="built_in">open</span>(<span class="string">'favicon.ico'</span>, <span class="string">'wb'</span>) <span class="keyword">as</span> f:</span><br><span class="line">    f.<span class="built_in">write</span>(r.content)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这里用了<code>open()</code>方法，它的第一个参数是文件名称，第二个参数代表以二进制写的形式打开，可以向文件里写入二进制数据。</p>
                <p>运行结束之后，可以发现在文件夹中出现了名为favicon.ico的图标，如图3-5所示。</p>
                <p><a href="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/3-5.ico" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/3-5.ico" alt=""></a>图3-5 图标</p>
                <p>同样地，音频和视频文件也可以用这种方法获取。</p>
                <h3 id="添加headers"><a href="#添加headers" class="headerlink" title="添加headers"></a>添加<code>headers</code></h3>
                <p>与<code>urllib.request</code>一样，我们也可以通过<code>headers</code>参数来传递头信息。</p>
                <p>比如，在上面“知乎”的例子中，如果不传递<code>headers</code>，就不能正常请求：</p>
                <figure class="highlight arduino">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> requests</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">r = requests.<span class="built_in">get</span>(<span class="string">"https://www.zhihu.com/explore"</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">print</span>(r.<span class="built_in">text</span>)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>运行结果如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight xml">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">html</span>&gt;</span><span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">body</span>&gt;</span><span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">h1</span>&gt;</span>500 Server Error<span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">h1</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line">An internal server error occured.</span><br><span class="line"><span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">body</span>&gt;</span><span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">html</span>&gt;</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>但如果加上<code>headers</code>并加上<code>User-Agent</code>信息，那就没问题了：</p>
                <figure class="highlight routeros">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">import requests</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">headers = &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'User-Agent'</span>: <span class="string">'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_11_4) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/52.0.2743.116 Safari/537.36'</span></span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line">r = requests.<span class="builtin-name">get</span>(<span class="string">"https://www.zhihu.com/explore"</span>, <span class="attribute">headers</span>=headers)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="builtin-name">print</span>(r.text)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>当然，我们可以在<code>headers</code>这个参数中任意添加其他的字段信息。</p>
                <h2 id="4-POST请求"><a href="#4-POST请求" class="headerlink" title="4. POST请求"></a>4. POST请求</h2>
                <p>前面我们了解了最基本的GET请求，另外一种比较常见的请求方式是POST。使用<code>requests</code>实现POST请求同样非常简单，示例如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight xl">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> requests</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">data</span> = &#123;<span class="string">'name'</span>: <span class="string">'germey'</span>, <span class="string">'age'</span>: <span class="string">'22'</span>&#125;</span><br><span class="line">r = requests.post(<span class="string">"http://httpbin.org/post"</span>, <span class="keyword">data</span>=<span class="keyword">data</span>)</span><br><span class="line">print(r.<span class="keyword">text</span>)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这里还是请求<a href="http://httpbin.org/post" target="_blank" rel="noopener">http://httpbin.org/post</a>，该网站可以判断如果请求是POST方式，就把相关请求信息返回。</p>
                <p>运行结果如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight json">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">&#123;</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="attr">"args"</span>: &#123;&#125;, </span><br><span class="line">  <span class="attr">"data"</span>: <span class="string">""</span>, </span><br><span class="line">  <span class="attr">"files"</span>: &#123;&#125;, </span><br><span class="line">  <span class="attr">"form"</span>: &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="attr">"age"</span>: <span class="string">"22"</span>, </span><br><span class="line">    <span class="attr">"name"</span>: <span class="string">"germey"</span></span><br><span class="line">  &#125;, </span><br><span class="line">  <span class="attr">"headers"</span>: &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="attr">"Accept"</span>: <span class="string">"*/*"</span>, </span><br><span class="line">    <span class="attr">"Accept-Encoding"</span>: <span class="string">"gzip, deflate"</span>, </span><br><span class="line">    <span class="attr">"Content-Length"</span>: <span class="string">"18"</span>, </span><br><span class="line">    <span class="attr">"Content-Type"</span>: <span class="string">"application/x-www-form-urlencoded"</span>, </span><br><span class="line">    <span class="attr">"Host"</span>: <span class="string">"httpbin.org"</span>, </span><br><span class="line">    <span class="attr">"User-Agent"</span>: <span class="string">"python-requests/2.10.0"</span></span><br><span class="line">  &#125;, </span><br><span class="line">  <span class="attr">"json"</span>: <span class="literal">null</span>, </span><br><span class="line">  <span class="attr">"origin"</span>: <span class="string">"182.33.248.131"</span>, </span><br><span class="line">  <span class="attr">"url"</span>: <span class="string">"http://httpbin.org/post"</span></span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>可以发现，我们成功获得了返回结果，其中<code>form</code>部分就是提交的数据，这就证明POST请求成功发送了。</p>
                <h2 id="5-响应"><a href="#5-响应" class="headerlink" title="5. 响应"></a>5. 响应</h2>
                <p>发送请求后，得到的自然就是响应。在上面的实例中，我们使用<code>text</code>和<code>content</code>获取了响应的内容。此外，还有很多属性和方法可以用来获取其他信息，比如状态码、响应头、Cookies等。示例如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight haskell">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> requests</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="title">r</span> = requests.get('http://www.jianshu.com')</span><br><span class="line"><span class="title">print</span>(<span class="class"><span class="keyword">type</span>(<span class="title">r</span>.<span class="title">status_code</span>), r.status_code)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="title">print</span>(<span class="class"><span class="keyword">type</span>(<span class="title">r</span>.<span class="title">headers</span>), r.headers)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="title">print</span>(<span class="class"><span class="keyword">type</span>(<span class="title">r</span>.<span class="title">cookies</span>), r.cookies)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="title">print</span>(<span class="class"><span class="keyword">type</span>(<span class="title">r</span>.<span class="title">url</span>), r.url)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="title">print</span>(<span class="class"><span class="keyword">type</span>(<span class="title">r</span>.<span class="title">history</span>), r.history)</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这里分别打印输出<code>status_code</code>属性得到状态码，输出<code>headers</code>属性得到响应头，输出<code>cookies</code>属性得到Cookies，输出<code>url</code>属性得到URL，输出<code>history</code>属性得到请求历史。</p>
                <p>运行结果如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight kotlin">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">&lt;<span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> '<span class="title">int</span>'&gt; 200</span></span><br><span class="line">&lt;<span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> '<span class="title">requests</span>.<span class="title">structures</span>.<span class="title">CaseInsensitiveDict</span>'&gt; </span>&#123;<span class="string">'X-Runtime'</span>: <span class="string">'0.006363'</span>, <span class="string">'Connection'</span>: <span class="string">'keep-alive'</span>, <span class="string">'Content-Type'</span>: <span class="string">'text/html; charset=utf-8'</span>, <span class="string">'X-Content-Type-Options'</span>: <span class="string">'nosniff'</span>, <span class="string">'Date'</span>: <span class="string">'Sat, 27 Aug 2016 17:18:51 GMT'</span>, <span class="string">'Server'</span>: <span class="string">'nginx'</span>, <span class="string">'X-Frame-Options'</span>: <span class="string">'DENY'</span>, <span class="string">'Content-Encoding'</span>: <span class="string">'gzip'</span>, <span class="string">'Vary'</span>: <span class="string">'Accept-Encoding'</span>, <span class="string">'ETag'</span>: <span class="string">'W/"3abda885e0e123bfde06d9b61e696159"'</span>, <span class="string">'X-XSS-Protection'</span>: <span class="string">'1; mode=block'</span>, <span class="string">'X-Request-Id'</span>: <span class="string">'a8a3c4d5-f660-422f-8df9-49719dd9b5d4'</span>, <span class="string">'Transfer-Encoding'</span>: <span class="string">'chunked'</span>, <span class="string">'Set-Cookie'</span>: <span class="string">'read_mode=day; path=/, default_font=font2; path=/, _session_id=xxx; path=/; HttpOnly'</span>, <span class="string">'Cache-Control'</span>: <span class="string">'max-age=0, private, must-revalidate'</span>&#125;</span><br><span class="line">&lt;<span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> '<span class="title">requests</span>.<span class="title">cookies</span>.<span class="title">RequestsCookieJar</span>'&gt; &lt;<span class="type">RequestsCookieJar[&lt;Cookie _session_id=xxx for www.jianshu.com/</span>&gt;, <span class="type"></span>&lt;<span class="type">Cookie default_font=font2 for www.jianshu.com/</span>&gt;, <span class="type"></span>&lt;<span class="type">Cookie read_mode=day for www.jianshu.com/</span>&gt;]&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line">&lt;<span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> '<span class="title">str</span>'&gt; <span class="title">http</span>:<span class="type">//www.jianshu.com/</span></span></span><br><span class="line">&lt;<span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> '<span class="title">list</span>'&gt; []</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>因为<code>session_id</code>过长，在此简写。可以看到，<code>headers</code>和<code>cookies</code>这两个属性得到的结果分别是<code>CaseInsensitiveDict</code>和<code>RequestsCookieJar</code>类型。</p>
                <p>状态码常用来判断请求是否成功，而requests还提供了一个内置的状态码查询对象<code>requests.codes</code>，示例如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight awk">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">import requests</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">r = requests.get(<span class="string">'http://www.jianshu.com'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">exit</span>() <span class="keyword">if</span> not r.status_code == requests.codes.ok <span class="keyword">else</span> print(<span class="string">'Request Successfully'</span>)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这里通过比较返回码和内置的成功的返回码，来保证请求得到了正常响应，输出成功请求的消息，否则程序终止，这里我们用<code>requests.codes.ok</code>得到的是成功的状态码200。</p>
                <p>那么，肯定不能只有<code>ok</code>这个条件码。下面列出了返回码和相应的查询条件：</p>
                <figure class="highlight less">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br><span class="line">37</span><br><span class="line">38</span><br><span class="line">39</span><br><span class="line">40</span><br><span class="line">41</span><br><span class="line">42</span><br><span class="line">43</span><br><span class="line">44</span><br><span class="line">45</span><br><span class="line">46</span><br><span class="line">47</span><br><span class="line">48</span><br><span class="line">49</span><br><span class="line">50</span><br><span class="line">51</span><br><span class="line">52</span><br><span class="line">53</span><br><span class="line">54</span><br><span class="line">55</span><br><span class="line">56</span><br><span class="line">57</span><br><span class="line">58</span><br><span class="line">59</span><br><span class="line">60</span><br><span class="line">61</span><br><span class="line">62</span><br><span class="line">63</span><br><span class="line">64</span><br><span class="line">65</span><br><span class="line">66</span><br><span class="line">67</span><br><span class="line">68</span><br><span class="line">69</span><br><span class="line">70</span><br><span class="line">71</span><br><span class="line">72</span><br><span class="line">73</span><br><span class="line">74</span><br><span class="line">75</span><br><span class="line">76</span><br><span class="line">77</span><br><span class="line">78</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"># 信息性状态码</span><br><span class="line"><span class="selector-tag">100</span>: (<span class="string">'continue'</span>,),</span><br><span class="line"><span class="selector-tag">101</span>: (<span class="string">'switching_protocols'</span>,),</span><br><span class="line"><span class="selector-tag">102</span>: (<span class="string">'processing'</span>,),</span><br><span class="line"><span class="selector-tag">103</span>: (<span class="string">'checkpoint'</span>,),</span><br><span class="line"><span class="selector-tag">122</span>: (<span class="string">'uri_too_long'</span>, <span class="string">'request_uri_too_long'</span>),</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"># 成功状态码</span><br><span class="line"><span class="selector-tag">200</span>: (<span class="string">'ok'</span>, <span class="string">'okay'</span>, <span class="string">'all_ok'</span>, <span class="string">'all_okay'</span>, <span class="string">'all_good'</span>, <span class="string">'\\o/'</span>, <span class="string">'✓'</span>),</span><br><span class="line"><span class="selector-tag">201</span>: (<span class="string">'created'</span>,),</span><br><span class="line"><span class="selector-tag">202</span>: (<span class="string">'accepted'</span>,),</span><br><span class="line"><span class="selector-tag">203</span>: (<span class="string">'non_authoritative_info'</span>, <span class="string">'non_authoritative_information'</span>),</span><br><span class="line"><span class="selector-tag">204</span>: (<span class="string">'no_content'</span>,),</span><br><span class="line"><span class="selector-tag">205</span>: (<span class="string">'reset_content'</span>, <span class="string">'reset'</span>),</span><br><span class="line"><span class="selector-tag">206</span>: (<span class="string">'partial_content'</span>, <span class="string">'partial'</span>),</span><br><span class="line"><span class="selector-tag">207</span>: (<span class="string">'multi_status'</span>, <span class="string">'multiple_status'</span>, <span class="string">'multi_stati'</span>, <span class="string">'multiple_stati'</span>),</span><br><span class="line"><span class="selector-tag">208</span>: (<span class="string">'already_reported'</span>,),</span><br><span class="line"><span class="selector-tag">226</span>: (<span class="string">'im_used'</span>,),</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"># 重定向状态码</span><br><span class="line"><span class="selector-tag">300</span>: (<span class="string">'multiple_choices'</span>,),</span><br><span class="line"><span class="selector-tag">301</span>: (<span class="string">'moved_permanently'</span>, <span class="string">'moved'</span>, <span class="string">'\\o-'</span>),</span><br><span class="line"><span class="selector-tag">302</span>: (<span class="string">'found'</span>,),</span><br><span class="line"><span class="selector-tag">303</span>: (<span class="string">'see_other'</span>, <span class="string">'other'</span>),</span><br><span class="line"><span class="selector-tag">304</span>: (<span class="string">'not_modified'</span>,),</span><br><span class="line"><span class="selector-tag">305</span>: (<span class="string">'use_proxy'</span>,),</span><br><span class="line"><span class="selector-tag">306</span>: (<span class="string">'switch_proxy'</span>,),</span><br><span class="line"><span class="selector-tag">307</span>: (<span class="string">'temporary_redirect'</span>, <span class="string">'temporary_moved'</span>, <span class="string">'temporary'</span>),</span><br><span class="line"><span class="selector-tag">308</span>: (<span class="string">'permanent_redirect'</span>,</span><br><span class="line">      <span class="string">'resume_incomplete'</span>, <span class="string">'resume'</span>,), # <span class="selector-tag">These</span> <span class="selector-tag">2</span> <span class="selector-tag">to</span> <span class="selector-tag">be</span> <span class="selector-tag">removed</span> <span class="selector-tag">in</span> <span class="selector-tag">3</span><span class="selector-class">.0</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"># 客户端错误状态码</span><br><span class="line"><span class="selector-tag">400</span>: (<span class="string">'bad_request'</span>, <span class="string">'bad'</span>),</span><br><span class="line"><span class="selector-tag">401</span>: (<span class="string">'unauthorized'</span>,),</span><br><span class="line"><span class="selector-tag">402</span>: (<span class="string">'payment_required'</span>, <span class="string">'payment'</span>),</span><br><span class="line"><span class="selector-tag">403</span>: (<span class="string">'forbidden'</span>,),</span><br><span class="line"><span class="selector-tag">404</span>: (<span class="string">'not_found'</span>, <span class="string">'-o-'</span>),</span><br><span class="line"><span class="selector-tag">405</span>: (<span class="string">'method_not_allowed'</span>, <span class="string">'not_allowed'</span>),</span><br><span class="line"><span class="selector-tag">406</span>: (<span class="string">'not_acceptable'</span>,),</span><br><span class="line"><span class="selector-tag">407</span>: (<span class="string">'proxy_authentication_required'</span>, <span class="string">'proxy_auth'</span>, <span class="string">'proxy_authentication'</span>),</span><br><span class="line"><span class="selector-tag">408</span>: (<span class="string">'request_timeout'</span>, <span class="string">'timeout'</span>),</span><br><span class="line"><span class="selector-tag">409</span>: (<span class="string">'conflict'</span>,),</span><br><span class="line"><span class="selector-tag">410</span>: (<span class="string">'gone'</span>,),</span><br><span class="line"><span class="selector-tag">411</span>: (<span class="string">'length_required'</span>,),</span><br><span class="line"><span class="selector-tag">412</span>: (<span class="string">'precondition_failed'</span>, <span class="string">'precondition'</span>),</span><br><span class="line"><span class="selector-tag">413</span>: (<span class="string">'request_entity_too_large'</span>,),</span><br><span class="line"><span class="selector-tag">414</span>: (<span class="string">'request_uri_too_large'</span>,),</span><br><span class="line"><span class="selector-tag">415</span>: (<span class="string">'unsupported_media_type'</span>, <span class="string">'unsupported_media'</span>, <span class="string">'media_type'</span>),</span><br><span class="line"><span class="selector-tag">416</span>: (<span class="string">'requested_range_not_satisfiable'</span>, <span class="string">'requested_range'</span>, <span class="string">'range_not_satisfiable'</span>),</span><br><span class="line"><span class="selector-tag">417</span>: (<span class="string">'expectation_failed'</span>,),</span><br><span class="line"><span class="selector-tag">418</span>: (<span class="string">'im_a_teapot'</span>, <span class="string">'teapot'</span>, <span class="string">'i_am_a_teapot'</span>),</span><br><span class="line"><span class="selector-tag">421</span>: (<span class="string">'misdirected_request'</span>,),</span><br><span class="line"><span class="selector-tag">422</span>: (<span class="string">'unprocessable_entity'</span>, <span class="string">'unprocessable'</span>),</span><br><span class="line"><span class="selector-tag">423</span>: (<span class="string">'locked'</span>,),</span><br><span class="line"><span class="selector-tag">424</span>: (<span class="string">'failed_dependency'</span>, <span class="string">'dependency'</span>),</span><br><span class="line"><span class="selector-tag">425</span>: (<span class="string">'unordered_collection'</span>, <span class="string">'unordered'</span>),</span><br><span class="line"><span class="selector-tag">426</span>: (<span class="string">'upgrade_required'</span>, <span class="string">'upgrade'</span>),</span><br><span class="line"><span class="selector-tag">428</span>: (<span class="string">'precondition_required'</span>, <span class="string">'precondition'</span>),</span><br><span class="line"><span class="selector-tag">429</span>: (<span class="string">'too_many_requests'</span>, <span class="string">'too_many'</span>),</span><br><span class="line"><span class="selector-tag">431</span>: (<span class="string">'header_fields_too_large'</span>, <span class="string">'fields_too_large'</span>),</span><br><span class="line"><span class="selector-tag">444</span>: (<span class="string">'no_response'</span>, <span class="string">'none'</span>),</span><br><span class="line"><span class="selector-tag">449</span>: (<span class="string">'retry_with'</span>, <span class="string">'retry'</span>),</span><br><span class="line"><span class="selector-tag">450</span>: (<span class="string">'blocked_by_windows_parental_controls'</span>, <span class="string">'parental_controls'</span>),</span><br><span class="line"><span class="selector-tag">451</span>: (<span class="string">'unavailable_for_legal_reasons'</span>, <span class="string">'legal_reasons'</span>),</span><br><span class="line"><span class="selector-tag">499</span>: (<span class="string">'client_closed_request'</span>,),</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"># 服务端错误状态码</span><br><span class="line"><span class="selector-tag">500</span>: (<span class="string">'internal_server_error'</span>, <span class="string">'server_error'</span>, <span class="string">'/o\\'</span>, <span class="string">'✗'</span>),</span><br><span class="line"><span class="selector-tag">501</span>: (<span class="string">'not_implemented'</span>,),</span><br><span class="line"><span class="selector-tag">502</span>: (<span class="string">'bad_gateway'</span>,),</span><br><span class="line"><span class="selector-tag">503</span>: (<span class="string">'service_unavailable'</span>, <span class="string">'unavailable'</span>),</span><br><span class="line"><span class="selector-tag">504</span>: (<span class="string">'gateway_timeout'</span>,),</span><br><span class="line"><span class="selector-tag">505</span>: (<span class="string">'http_version_not_supported'</span>, <span class="string">'http_version'</span>),</span><br><span class="line"><span class="selector-tag">506</span>: (<span class="string">'variant_also_negotiates'</span>,),</span><br><span class="line"><span class="selector-tag">507</span>: (<span class="string">'insufficient_storage'</span>,),</span><br><span class="line"><span class="selector-tag">509</span>: (<span class="string">'bandwidth_limit_exceeded'</span>, <span class="string">'bandwidth'</span>),</span><br><span class="line"><span class="selector-tag">510</span>: (<span class="string">'not_extended'</span>,),</span><br><span class="line"><span class="selector-tag">511</span>: (<span class="string">'network_authentication_required'</span>, <span class="string">'network_auth'</span>, <span class="string">'network_authentication'</span>)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>比如，如果想判断结果是不是404状态，可以用<code>requests.codes.not_found</code>来比对。</p>
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